This essay looks at the logicist idea that math can be made into pure logic. It pays special attention to strong criticisms from intuitionism. First, it splits logicism into two types. Strong logicism wants to turn all math into logic rules. Weak logicism, or neo-logicism, tries a smaller goal. It uses ideas like Hume's Principle to handle only part of math. Then, the essay explains the intuitionist attack. Thinkers like Brouwer and Heyting say math is not about formal rules. Instead, it is about building ideas in the mind. This view says common logic does not always work in math. It pushes for proofs that build things step by step. It also prefers endless possibilities over finished endless sets. The essay ends by saying neo-logicism gives a smart answer. It gets math from logic ideas. But intuitionism shows big problems for logicism. A full turn of math into logic is not possible without looking deeper into what math truth and practice really are.

Bulimia nervosa is a severe eating disorder marked by repeated episodes of binge eating, after which individuals turn to compensatory behaviors-such as making themselves vomit, exercising excessively, or misusing laxatives-to avoid weight gain. For adolescents, this disorder carries serious risks: without proper treatment, it can cause lasting physical and psychological harm. This study looks into how common bulimic symptoms are among teenagers and explores the factors that contribute to them. These factors include internal ones like trouble regulating emotions, impulsiveness, and dissatisfaction with the body of a person, as well as external ones such as family dynamics, pressure from peers, and the influence of social media. It also examines the unique challenges in diagnosing and treating the disorder in this age group, like teens hiding their behaviors out of shame and struggling to stick to treatment plans. Adolescence is a vulnerable time, with physical changes, the process of figuring out the identity of a person, and exposure to the beauty standards of a society all playing a role. To address these issues, the research suggests targeted strategies: school programs that promote positive body image, getting families involved in prevention and treatment, teaching teens digital literacy to help them think critically about online content, and early intervention using cognitive-behavioral therapies adapted for young people. By dealing with the complex way individual vulnerabilities and environmental triggers interact, these approaches aim to lower risks, enable early detection, and reduce long-term harm-ultimately supporting overall health and well-being of adolescents.

This paper discusses the existentialist crisis of contemporary literature. In an era dominated by technology and utilitarianism, this crisis is often expressed through "uselessness". From Plato's suspicion of the influence of poetry to the marginalization of literature under economic rationalism, this criticism can be traced back to. This paper draws lessons from Kant's distinction between intrinsic value and instrumental value, and holds that literature helps to cultivate moral autonomy, critical reflection, and emotional depth to resist reductive utilitarianism. This paper challenges the duality of literature and science by using the theoretical viewpoints of Žižek and Lacan, and proposes a structural interdependence. The focus of the discussion is Sartre's theory of commitment literature, which regains the power of literature to stimulate ethical responsibility and action. Through the close reading of Nausea, this paper reveals how the literary form realizes the freedom of existence and enables readers to participate in moral judgment. Finally, this paper examines the fictional violence as a tool to break ideological complacency and deepen moral consciousness when the moral framework is established. Literature is by no means useless. It refuses to serve the direct purpose and ensures its role as a political and ethical medium.

As a common natural formation, the concept of “hole”—and its Chinese counterpart “dong (洞)”—stems from early human experience, particularly those related to cave dwelling and shelter seeking. Both lexical terms function as conceptual prototypes that have been extended metaphorically diverse languages. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the metaphorical extensions of “hole” in English and “dong” in Chinese, drawing on data from bilingual dictionaries and linguistic corpora, including Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and Center for Chinese Linguistics (CCL) Corpus. The analysis reveals that, although both terms share similar cognitive origins in the imagery of primitive caves and human habitation, variations in geographical environments, historical development, and social-cultural practices have led to different metaphorical pathways. By studying the development of "hole/dong" metaphor, this research intends to provide an insightful case for cross-linguistic metaphor research.

Realist cinema, as a distinctive cinematic form, emerged amid the technological revolutions of the 1960s, championing the use of observational filming to capture unfiltered social reality. Yet, as subjective interventions increasingly permeate the creative process, a profound tension has arisen between the ideal of “authenticity” and the inherent narrativization involved in filmmaking. This paper, through case studies of Chronique d’un été, The Thin Blue Line, Tiger King, and Grey Gardens, critically interrogates how realist films construct “truth” through technical mechanisms, narrative strategies, and ethical negotiation. Central to this inquiry is a core paradox: the more rigorously filmmakers pursue authenticity, the more extensively reality becomes fictionalized. The study contends that authenticity in documentary cinema is not a direct reproduction of objective truth, but rather an aesthetic construct shaped through multiple layers of mediation. Within the post‑truth media landscape, this paper further scrutinizes the shifting power dynamics among creators, subjects, and audiences, and advocates for a paradigm of “critical authenticity”—one that embraces subjectivity while reconfiguring ethical frameworks and public trust.

Stereotypes and stigma are commonplace for people with mental illnesses, which lowers self-esteem, discourages getting care, and results in social exclusion. Patients with Tourette Syndrome (TS) typically exhibit vocal twitches or involuntary motions. They are particularly at risk as their involuntary symptoms are sometimes mistaken for deliberate actions, which exacerbates discrimination. With an emphasis on TS, this study examines theoretical frameworks and empirical data on the stigma associated with mental illness. It methodically looks at how stigma and misconceptions affect TS patients in public life, work, education, and mental health, exposing a vicious cycle where stigma feeds discrimination and self-stigma. Results indicate that TS patients have substantial limitations in their everyday functioning, relationships, and opportunities, and that psychological anguish is exacerbated by self-stigma. In order to lessen stigma, encourage social participation, and aid psychological rehabilitation, the study suggests an integrated solution that combines institutional safeguards, psychological assistance, and public education. The study's importance is in expanding the knowledge of the social circumstances faced by TS patients and offering factual backing for raising public awareness and influencing policy.

As an abstract art form, tragic literature undergoes transformation and representation in theatrical performances through concrete audiovisual language, while also being influenced by the characteristics of different media. This study takes "Oedipus Rex" as its research subject, employing a comparative methodology of close textual reading and visual stage presentation to explore how it effectively intensifies the emotional atmosphere and the conflictual tension in character relationships through visual means such as lighting changes and scene transitions during its stage presentation. By analyzing the interaction between literary narrative and visual expression, this paper attempts to reveal the mechanisms and significance of the transformation of tragic texts into stage performances. Finally, the study summarizes its main findings and conclusions, demonstrating how tragedy manifests diverse visual effects through varying interpretations of stage direction and directorial vision, and it outlines future methods and boundaries for the recreation of tragedy, offering new perspectives for creators and directors.

Buddhist and Taoist philosophies serve as the value engines of Dream of the Red Chamber and Journey to the West. To investigate their ideological significance and narrative functions in both novels, this study employs close reading and comparative analysis to conduct a cross-work investigation. The findings reveal distinctive yet convergent representations of these philosophies across the two masterpieces. In Journey to the West, the celestial bureaucracy headed by the Jade Emperor embodies Taoism, while the pantheon of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas led by Tathagata represents Buddhism—reflecting a paradigm of coexisting yet distinct religious systems. Conversely, Dream of the Red Chamber consistently portrays an interwoven fusion of both traditions, epitomized by the inseparable Buddhist Monk and Taoist Priest who function as leitmotifs throughout the narrative. The fundamental commonality lies in how both novels’ spiritual cores emerge from the syncretism of Buddhist and Taoist thought. This convergence mirrors the historical integration of both philosophies during the Ming-Qing period, demonstrating how literary works are intrinsically shaped by their Historical and Cultural Contexts.

This study examines the anti-hero narrative in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure and its deconstruction of traditional hero myths. By comparing classic heroes like Captain America with anti-heroes such as Giorno Giovanna, the analysis reveals how the series breaks down moral binaries and constructs complex characters through moral ambiguity and personal flaws. Drawing on Grimes’ Symbolic Matrix Theory and Jung’s analytical psychology, the study argues that JoJo reconstructs character psychology through the “persona-shadow” dynamic, subverts traditional narratives via symbolic matrices, and replaces external conflict with internal struggle. Ethical dilemmas further dissolve absolute justice, while stylized violence reshapes heroism. The series also inspires subcultural phenomena (e.g., “Stands” and villain worship), reflecting postmodern value plurality. It not only expands contemporary definitions of heroism but also offers a narrative model that transforms human conflict into storytelling tension, moving beyond moral preaching. This approach endows the work with lasting artistic vitality and fuels strong character worship within its fan community.

In this paper, the situation of native English-speaking 4-8-year-old children's quantifier use is discussed, and the quantifiers' collocation accuracy and mistake types are analyzed. Based on the CHILDES corpus, this study examines 5,236 quantifier-containing utterances from 20 native English-speaking children aged 4-8. It analyzes collocation accuracy, error types, and developmental trends via quantitative statistics and corpus annotation. Results show total errors decrease from 16 (4-5 years) to 8 (7-8 years). Key findings: singular-plural errors dominate at 4-5 (15 cases) but vanish by 6-7; "the" misuse persists (6 cases at 5-6, 5 at 7-8); "a/an" confusion peaks at 6-7 (3 cases). Combining cognitive development theory and language input analysis, it systematically combs through the building process of children's quantifier use; its mistakes show an obvious aging tendency, with types changing from basic form confusion (singular-plural, most common among 4-5-year-olds) to context-dependent errors, especially "misusing 'the'" (at 7-8 years old). This provides scientific support for age-specific quantifier teaching practice and taking effective countermeasures to improve their quantifier use ability. These reflect cognitive-linguistic development, providing scientific support for age-specific quantifier teaching.